Bibliography
ACE: The Electoral Knowledge Network. (2013). The ACE Encyclopaedia: Parties and Candidates. http://aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/pc/pca/pca02/pca02b
ACE: The Electoral Knowledge Network. (2013). Different Obligations of Public and Private Media. http://aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/me/mea/mec03
African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights. (2002). Declaration on Principles on Freedom of Expression in Africa. African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights.
African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights. (2003). Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Fair Trial and Legal Assistance in Africa. African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights.
African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights. (2012). Model Law for African States on Access to Information. African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights.
African Union New Partnership for Africa's Development. (2003). Declaration on Democracy, Political, Economic and Corporate Governance. New Partnership for Africa's Development.
African Union. (2007). African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance. African Union.
African Union. (1981). African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights. African Union.
African Union. (2002). African Union Declaration on the Principles Governing Democratic Elections in Africa. African Union.
African Union. (2003). Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa. African Union.
African Union. (2003). African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption. African Union.
African Union. (2006). African Youth Charter. African Union.
African Union. (2011). African Charter on Values and Principles of Public Service and Administration. African Union.
African Union. (2016). Protocol to the African Charter on Human and People's Rights on the Rights of Older Persons.
African Union. (2018). Protocol to the African Charter on Human and People's Rights on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in Africa. African Union.
Article 19. (1994). Guidelines for Election Broadcasting in Transitional Democracies.
Article 19. (1999). Joint Declaration by the UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Opinion and Expression, the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media, and the OAS Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression.
Article 19. (2000). Joint Declaration: Current Challenges to Media Freedom, by the UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Opinion and Expression, the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media and the OAS Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression.
Article 19. (2001). Joint Statement on Racism and the Media by the UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Opinion and Expression, the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media, and the OAS Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression.
Article 19. (2001). Joint Declaration: Challenges to Freedom in the New Century, by the UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Opinion and Expression, the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media, and the OAS Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression.
Article 19. (2002). Joint Declaration by the UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Opinion and Expression, the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media, and the OAS Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression.
Article 19. (2003). Joint Declaration by the UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Opinion and Expression, the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media, and the OAS Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression.
Article 19. (2005). Joint Declaration by the UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Opinion and Expression, the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media, and the OAS Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression.
Article 19. (2006). Joint Declaration by the UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Opinion and Expression, the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media, the OAS Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression, and the ACHPR Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression.
Article 19. (2007). Joint Declaration on Diversity in Broadcasting by the UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Opinion and Expression, the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media, the OAS Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression, and the ACHPR Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression and Access to Information.
Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation. (2015). Privacy Framework. Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation.
Association of Southeast Asian Nations. (2012). ASEAN Human Rights Declaration. Association of Southeast Asian Nations.
Committee of Experts on Media Pluralism and Transparency of Media Ownership (MSI-MED). (2017). Study on the Use of Internet in Electoral Campaigns. Council of Europe.
Commonwealth of Independent States. (1995). Commonwealth of Independent States Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Commonwealth of Independent States.
Commonwealth of Independent States. (2002). Convention on the Standards of Democratic Elections, Electoral Rights and Freedoms in the Commonwealth of Independent States. Commonwealth of Independent States.
Commonwealth Secretariat. (1994). Reference Guide for Election Observers. Commonwealth Secretariat.
Commonwealth Secretariat. (1997). Good Commonwealth Electoral Practice: A Working Document. Commonwealth Secretariat.
Commonwealth. (1991). Harare Commonwealth Declaration. Commonwealth.
Council of Europe (Committee of Ministers). (2007). Declaration of the Committee of Ministers on Protecting the Role of Media in Democracy in the Context of Media Concentration. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Committee of Ministers). (2004). Declaration of the Committee of Ministers on the Independence and Functions of Regulatory Authorities for the Broadcast Sector. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Committee of Ministers). (2004). Declaration on Freedom of Political Debate in the Media. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Committee of Ministers). (2008). Recommendation CM/REC(2008)6 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on Measures to Promote the Respect for Freedom of Expression and Information with Regard to Internet Filters. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Committee of Ministers). (1982). Declaration on the Freedom of Expression and Information. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Committee of Ministers). (1981). Recommendation No. R 84(5) of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on Principles of Civil Procedures Designed to Improve the Functioning of Justice. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Committee of Ministers). (1981). Recommendation No. R 81(7) of the Committee of Ministers to Member States of Measures Facilitating Access to Justice. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Committee of Ministers). (2005). Declaration CM(2005)56 of the Committee of Ministers on Human Right and the Rule of Law in the Information Society. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Committee of Ministers). (2006). Declaration of the Committee of Ministers on the guarantee of the independence of public service broadcasting in the member states. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Committee of Ministers). (1994). Recommendation No. R 94(13) of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on Measures to Promote Media Transparency. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Committee of Ministers). (2007). Recommendation CM/REC(2007)15 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on Measures concerning Media Coverage of Election Campaigns. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Committee of Ministers). (1994). Recommendation No. R(94)12 of the Committee Of Ministers to Member States on the Independence, Efficiency, and Role of Judges. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Committee of Ministers). (1994). Resolution No. 2 on Journalistic Freedoms and Human Rights. 4th European Ministerial Conference on Mass Media Policy: Media in a Democratic Society.
Council of Europe (Committee of Ministers). (1997). Resolution (97)24 on the Twenty Guiding Principles for the Fight against Corruption. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Committee of Ministers). (1999). Recommendation No. R 99(15) on the Committee of Ministers to Member States on Measures Concerning Media Coverage of Election Campaigns. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Committee of Ministers). (2000). Recommendation No. R(2000)7 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on the Right of Journalists Not to Disclose Their Sources of Information. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Committee of Ministers). (2002). Recommendation Rec(2002) 2 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on Access to Official Documents. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Committee of Ministers). (2003). Recommendation Rec(2003)16 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on the Execution of Administrative and Judicial Decisions in the Field of Administrative Law. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Committee of Ministers). (2003). Recommendation Rec(2003)4 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on Common Rules Against Corruption in the Funding of Political Parties and Electoral Campaigns. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Committee of Ministers). (2003). Recommendation Rec(2003) 3 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on Balanced Participation of Women and Men in Political and Public Decision Making. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Committee of Ministers). (2004). Recommendation Rec(2004)20 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on Judicial Review of Administrative Acts. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Committee of Ministers). (2004). Recommendation Rec(2004)16 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on the Right of Reply in the New Media Environment. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Committee of Ministers). (2004). Recommendation Rec(2004)11 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on Legal, Operational, and Technical Standards for E-voting. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Committee of Ministers). (2004). Declaration by the Committee of Ministers on the Code of Good Practice in Electoral Matters. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Committee of Ministers). (2007). Recommendation Rec(2007)7 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on Good Administration. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Committee of Ministers). (2011). Recommendation CM/Rec(2011)14 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on the Participation of Persons with Disabilities in Political and Public Life. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Committee of Ministers). (2012). Recommendation Rec(2012)4 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on the Protection of Human Rights with Regard to Social Networking Services. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Committee of Ministers). (2012). Recommendation Rec(2012)3 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on the Protection of Human Rights with Regard to Search Engines. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Committee of Ministers). (2012). Recommendation Rec(2012)1 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on Public Service Media Governance. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Committee of Ministers). (2012). Declaration on Public Service Media Governance. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Committee of Ministers). (2013). Recommendation Rec(2013)1 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on Gender Equality and Media. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Committee of Ministers). (2016). Recommendation Rec(2016)5 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on Internet Freedom. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Committee of Ministers). (2016). Recommendation (2016)4 on the Protection of Journalism and Safety of Journalists and Other Media Actors. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Committee of Ministers). (2016). Recommendation Rec(2016)1 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on Protecting and Promoting the Right to Freedom of Expression and the Right to Private Life with Regard to Network Neutrality. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Committee of Ministers). (2018). Recommendation Rec(2018)2 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on the Roles and Responsibilities of Internet Intermediaries. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Committee of Ministers). (2018). Recommendation Rec(2018)11 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on the Need to Strengthen the Protection and Promotion of Civil Society Space in Europe. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Committee of Ministers). (2018). Recommendation Rec(2018)1 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on Media Pluralism and Transparency of Media Ownership. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Committee of Ministers). (2019). Declaration on the Financial Sustainability of Quality Journalism in the Digital Age. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Committee of Ministers). (2019). Declaration on the Manipulative Capabilities of Algorithmic Processes. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Congress of Local and Regional Authorities). (2000). Resolution 105 (2000) on the Financial Transparency of Political Parties and their Democratic Functioning at the Regional Level. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Congress of Local and Regional Authorities). (2019). Local Voting Rights for the Integration of Migrants and IDPs. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Congress of Local and Regional Authorities). (2019). Convention on the Participation of Foreigners in Public Life at Local Level. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Parliamentary Assembly). (1997). Handbook for Observers of Elections. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Parliamentary Assembly). (2001). Recommendation 1516(2001) on Financing of Political Parties. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Parliamentary Assembly). (2004). Recommendation 1641(2004) on Public Service Broadcasting. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Parliamentary Assembly). (2009). Resolution 1642(2009) on Access to Rights for People with Disabilities and Their Full and Active Participation in Society. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Parliamentary Assembly). (2012). Resolution 1897(2012) on Ensuring Greater Democracy in Elections. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Parliamentary Assembly). (2017). Convention on the Participation of Foreigners in Public Life at Local Level. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Parliamentary Assembly). (2019). Resolution 2281(2019) on Social Media: Social Threads or Threats to Human Rights? Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Parliamentary Assembly). (2019). Resolution 2256(2019) on Internet Governance and Human Rights. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Parliamentary Assembly). (2019). Resolution 2254(2019) on Media Freedom as a Condition for Democratic Elections. Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly.
Council of Europe (Venice Commission). (1999). Guidelines on the Prohibition and Dissolution of Political Parties and Analogous Measures. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Venice Commission). (2001). Guidelines and Report on the Financing of Political Parties. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Venice Commission). (2002). Code of Good Practice in Electoral Matters: Guidelines and Explanatory Report. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Venice Commission). (2004). Guidelines on Legislation on Political Parties: Some Specific Issues. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Venice Commission). (2005). Guidelines on Media Analysis during Election Observation Missions. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Venice Commission). (2005). Interpretative Declaration on the Stability of the Electoral Law.
Council of Europe (Venice Commission). (2006). Declaration on Women’s Participation in Elections. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Venice Commission). (2006). Report on the Participation of Political Parties in Elections. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Venice Commission). (2007). Code of Good Practice on Referendums.
Council of Europe (Venice Commission). (2008). Code of Good Practice in the Field of Political Parties. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (Venice Commission). (2011). Revised Interpretative Declaration to the Code of Good Practice in Electoral Matters on the Participation of People with Disabilities in Elections.
Council of Europe (Venice Commission). (2016). Joint Guidelines for Preventing and Responding to the Misuse of Administrative Resources During Electoral Processes.
Council of Europe (Venice Commission). (2020). Principles for a Fundamental Rights-Compliant Use of Digital Technologies in Electoral Processes. Council of Europe (Venice Commission).
Council of Europe (Venice Commission). (2020). Revised Guidelines on the Holding of Referendums.
Council of Europe (Venice Commission. (2004). Report on Electoral Systems - Overview of available solutions and selection criteria.
Council of Europe (Venice Commission. (2006). Report on Electoral Law and Electoral Administration in Europe.
Council of Europe (Venice Commission. (2011). Report on Out-Of-Country Voting.
Council of Europe Group of States against Corruption. (1999). Criminal Law Convention on Corruption. In Council of Europe Treaty Series 173. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe. (1950). Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. In Council of Europe Treaty Series 005. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe. (1977). European Convention on the Legal Status of Migrant Workers. In Council of Europe Treaty Series 093. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe. (1981). Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data. In Council of Europe Treaty Series 108. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe. (1985). European Charter of Local Self-Government. In Council of Europe Treaty Series 122. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe. (1988). Protocol to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (European Convention on Human Rights) as amended by Protocol No. 11. In Council of Europe Treaty Series 155. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe. (1989). European Convention on Transfrontier Television. In Council of Europe Treaty Series 132. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe. (1992). Convention on the Participation of Foreigners in Public Life at Local Level. In Council of Europe Treaty Series 144. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe. (1995). Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. In Council of Europe Treaty Series 157. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe. (1998). Guidelines to Promote the Development and Strengthening of NGOs in Europe. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe. (2002). Fundamental Principles on the Status of Non-governmental Organisations in Europe. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe. (2009). Convention on Access to Official Documents. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe. (2017). Resolution 2179(2017) on Political Influence Over Independent Media and Journalists. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe. (2017). Resolution 2155(2017) on Political Rights of Persons with Disabilities: A Democratic Issue. Council of Europe.
Council of Europe. (2018). Resolution 2226(2018) on New Restrictions on NGO Activities in Council of Europe Member States. Council of Europe.
Democracy Reporting International. (2014). International Standards on Transparency and Accountability. DRI Centre for Law and Democracy.
Democracy Reporting International. (2020). Tackling Disinformation and Online Hate Speech: EU and Member State Approaches, So Far. DRI.
Economic Community of West African States. (2001). Economic Community of West African States Protocol on the Fight against Corruption. Economic Community of West African States.
Economic Community of West African States. (2001). Protocol A/SP1/12/01 on Democracy and Good Governance Supplementary to the Protocol Relating to the Mechanism for Conflict Prevention, Management, Resolution, Peacekeeping, and Security. Economic Community of West African States.
Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa and Electoral Commission Forum of SADC Countries. (2003). Principles for Election Management, Monitoring, and Observation in the SADC Region. Electoral Institute of Southern Africa.
European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). (2016). Case of Gahramanli and Others v. Azerbaijan.
European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). (1999). Case of Matthews v. the United Kingdom.
European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). (2007). Case of Doyle v. the United Kingdom.
European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). (1987). Case of Mathieu-Mohin and Clerfayt v. Belgium.
European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). (2005). Case of Melnychenko v. Ukraine.
European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). (2008). Case of Krasnov and Skuratov v. Russia.
European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). (2012). Case of Sitaropoulos and Giakoumopoulos v. Greece.
European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). (2000). Case of Labita v. Italy.
European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). (2011). Case of Greens and M.T. v. the United Kingdom.
European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). (2012). Case of Hajili v. Azerbaijan.
European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). (2000). Case of Gaulieder v. Slovakia.
European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). (2008). Case of Kovach v. Ukraine.
European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). (2012). Case of Atakishi v. Azerbaijan.
European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). (2012). Case of Abil v. Azerbaijan.
European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). (2010). Case of Grosaru v. Romania.
European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). (2012). Case of Kerimli and Alibeyli v. Azerbaijan.
European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). (1997). Case of Gitonas and Others v. Greece.
European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). (2008). Case of the Georgian Labour Party v. Georgia.
European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). (2010). Case of Namat Aliyev v. Azerbaijan.
European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). (2010). Case of Alajos Kiss v. Hungary.
European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). (1998). Case of Ahmed and Others v. the United Kingdom.
European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). (1999). Case of Hilbe v. Liechtenstein.
European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). (2004). Case of Aziz v. Cyprus.
European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). (2006). Case of Lykourezos v. Greece.
European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). (2012). Case of the Communist Party of Russia and Others v. Russia.
European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). (2013). Case of Shindler v. the United Kingdom.
European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). (2014). Case of Oran v. Turkey.
European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). (1997). Case of Pierre-Bloch v. France.
European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). (2005). Case of Hirst v. the United Kingdom (no. 2).
European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). (2010). Case of Frodl v. Austria.
European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). (2009). Case of Herri Batasuna and Batasuna v. Spain.
European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). (2010). Case of Kerimova v. Azerbaijan.
European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). (2013). Case of Anchugov and Gladkov v. Russia.
European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). (2014). Case of Karimov v. Azerbaijan.
European Union (Council of the European Union). (2018). Resolution of the Council of the European Union and the Representatives of the Governments of the Member States Meeting within the Council on a Framework for European Cooperation in the Youth Field: The European Union Youth Strategy 2019-2027. EU.
European Union (European Parliament). (2017). Resolution on Addressing Shrinking Civil Society Space in Developing Countries (2016/2324(INI)). European Union.
European Union. (2002). Handbook for European Union Election Observation Missions, First Edition. The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency.
European Union. (2008). Handbook for European Union Election Observation, Second Edition. European Commission.
European Union. (2010). Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. In Official Journal of the European Union C83 (Vol. 53, p. 380). European Union.
European Union. (2016). Regulation 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Protection of Natural Persons with Regard to the Processing of Personal Data and on the Free Movement of Such Data, and Repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation). European Union.
European Union. (2017). Communication on Responsibility of Online Platforms. European Union.
European Union. (2018). Recommendation on Tackling Illegal Content Online. European Union.
European Union. (2018). Communication on Tackling Online Disinformation. European Union.
European Union. (2018). Code of Practice on Disinformation. European Union.
European Union. (2021). Guidance on Strengthening the Code of Practice on Disinformation. European Union.
Guy S. Goodwin-Gill. (1998). Codes of Conduct for Elections. Inter-Parliamentary Union.
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. (2008). Case of Castañeda Gutman v. México.
Inter-Parliamentary Union. (1994). Declaration on Criteria for Free and Fair Elections. Inter-Parliamentary Union.
Inter-Parliamentary Union. (2006). Free and Fair Elections: New Expanded Edition. Inter-Parliamentary Union.
Inter-Parliamentary Union. (2013). Quito Communique. Inter-Parliamentary Union.
International Commission of Jurists. (2007). Yogyakarta Principles: Principles on the application of international human rights law in relation to sexual orientation and gender identity.
International Foundation for Electoral Systems. (2006). Political Finance in Post-Conflict Societies. International Foundation for Electoral Systems.
International Foundation for Electoral Systems. (2018). Abuse of State Resources Research and Assessment Framework: Guidelines for the Democracy and Governance Community of Practice. IFES.
International Foundation for Electoral Systems. (2020). Election Investigations Guidebook: Standards, Techniques and Resources for Investigating Disputes in Elections (STRIDE). International Foundation for Electoral Systems Election Investigations.
International Human Rights Law Group. (1984). Guidelines for International Election Observing. The International Human Rights Law Group.
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. (1997). Code of Conduct for the Ethical and Professional Administration of Elections. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance.
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. (2002). International Electoral Standards: Guidelines for Reviewing the Legal Framework of Elections. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance.
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. (2003). Funding of Political Parties and Election Campaigns. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance.
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. (2005). Electoral System Design: The New International IDEA Handbook.
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. (2006). Electoral Management Design: The International IDEA Handbook. International IDEA.
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. (2007). Voting From Abroad: The International IDEA Handbook. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance.
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. (2010). Electoral Justice: The International IDEA Handbook . International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance.
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. (2018). Gender-Targetted Public Funding for Political Parties: A Comparative Analysis. International IDEA.
International Labor Organization. (1989). Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention. International Labor Organization.
League of Arab States. (2004). Arab Charter on Human Rights. League of Arab States.
Mole, N., & Harby, C. (2006). The Right to a Fair Trial: A Guide to the Implementation of Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights. Council of Europe.
National Democratic Institute. (1995). How Domestic Organizations Monitor Elections: An A to Z Guide. National Democratic Institute.
National Democratic Institute. (2001). Building Confidence in the Voter Registration Process: An NDI Monitoring Guide for Political Parties and Civic Organizations. National Democratic Institute.
National Democratic Institute. (2008). Promoting Legal Frameworks for Democratic Elections: An NDI Guide for Developing Election Laws and Law Commentaries . National Democratic Institute.
Norwegian Helsinki Committee. (2000). Election Observation: An Introduction to the Methodology and Organization. Norwegian Helsinki Committee.
Norwegian Helsinki Committee. (2000). Manual on Human Rights Monitoring: An Introduction for Human Rights Field Officers. Norwegian Helsinki Committee.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2013). Recommendation of the Council Concerning Guidelines Governing the Protection of Privacy and Transborder Flows of Personal Data . OECD.
Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie. (2000). Bamako Declaration. OIF.
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights. (2000). Resolving Election Disputes in the OSCE Area: Towards a Standard Election Dispute Monitoring System. Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights. (2001). Guidelines to Assist National Minority Participation in the Electoral Process. Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights. (2003). Handbook for Domestic Election Observers. Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights. (2004). Handbook for Monitoring Women's Participation in Elections. Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights. (2007). Guidelines on Freedom of Peaceful Assembly. Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights. (2007). Election Observation Handbook (Fifth Edition). Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights. (2010). Election Observation Handbook (Sixth Edition). OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR).
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights. (2013). Guidelines for Reviewing a Legal Framework for Elections, Second Edition. OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR).
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights. (2013). Handbook for the Observation of New Voting Technologies. OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR).
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights. (2014). Handbook On Observing and Promoting the Participation of National Minorities in Electoral Processes. OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR).
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights. (2015). Handbook for the Observation of Campaign Finance. OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR).
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights. (2017). Guidelines for Public Security Providers in Elections. OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR).
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights. (2017). Handbook on Observing and Promoting the Electoral Participation of Persons with Disabilities. OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR).
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights. (2019). Handbook for the Observation of Election Dispute Resolution. OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR).
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Office of Democratic Institutions and Human Rights. (2001). Guidelines for Reviewing a Legal Framework for Elections, First Edition. Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Office of Democratic Institutions and Human Rights. (2001). Existing Commitments for Democratic Elections in OSCE Participating States. Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. (1990). Document of the Copenhagen Meeting of the Conference on the Human Dimension of the CSCE. Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. (1975). Final Act of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe. Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. (1983). Concluding Document of the Madrid Meeting of 1980 of Representatives of the Participating States of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe. Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. (1989). Concluding Document of the Vienna Meeting 1986 of Representatives of the Participating States of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe. Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. (1991). Document of the Moscow Meeting of the Conference on the Human Dimension of the CSCE. Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. (1994). Budapest Document: Towards a Genuine Partnership in a New Era. Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. (1999). Istanbul Document. Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
Organization for Security and Co-Operation in Europe. (2020). Guidelines on Freedom of Peaceful Assembly (Third Edition).
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights; Council of Europe, Venice Commission. (2020). Guidelines on Political Party Regulation, Second Edition.
Organization of American States (Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. (1990). Annual Report of Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 1989-1990, Resolution Nº 01/90.
Organization of American States. (1948). Inter-American Convention on the Granting of Political Rights to Women. In Treaty Series, No. 3.
Organization of American States. (1969). American Convention on Human Rights. In Treaty Series, No. 36. Organization of American States.
Organization of American States. (1994). Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Violence Against Women. Organization of American States.
Organization of American States. (1996). Inter-American Convention Against Corruption. Organization of American States.
Organization of American States. (1999). Inter-American Convention on the Elimination Of All Forms Of Discrimination Against Persons With Disabilities. Organization of American States.
Organization of American States. (2000). Inter-American Declaration of Principles on Freedom of Expression. Organization of American States.
Organization of American States. (2001). Inter-American Democratic Charter. Organization of American States.
Organization of American States. (2013). Inter-American Convention Against All Forms of Discrimination and Intolerance. Organization of American States.
Organization of American States. (2019). Observing Electoral Justice Systems: A Manual for OAS Election Observation Missions. OAS.
Rafael López-Pintor. (2000). Electoral Management Bodies as Institutions of Governance. United Nations Development Programme.
Southern African Development Community - Parliamentary Forum. (2001). Norms and Standards for Elections in the SADC Region.
Southern African Development Community. (2001). Protocol on Culture, Information, and Sport. Southern African Development Community.
Southern African Development Community. (2004). Principles and Guidelines Governing Democratic Elections. Southern African Development Community.
Southern African Development Community. (2001). SADC Protocol Against Corruption. Southern African Development Community.
The Carter Center. (2003). Statement of the Council of Presidents and Prime Ministers of the Americas - Financing Democracy: Political Parties, Campaigns, and Elections. The Carter Center.
The Carter Center. (2009). Atlanta Declaration and Plan of Action for the Advancement of the Right of Access to Information. The Carter Center.
Thematic Study by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on Participation in Political and Public Life by Persons with Disabilities. (2011). 19 p. http://digitallibrary.un.org/record/719452
Transparency International. (2003). Working Paper No. 1/2003: Accountability and Transparency in Political Finance: Why, How and What For?
Transparency International. (2005). Policy Position No. 2/2005: Political Finance Regulations: Bridging the Enforcement Gap.
Transparency International. (2005). Policy Position No. 01/2005: Standards on Political Funding and Favours.
Transparency International. (2020). Recommendations on Political Financing for Open Government Partnership National Action Plans.
Transparency International. (2021). Paying for Views: Solving Transparency and Accountability Risks in Online Political Advertising.
United Nations (Committee on Civil and Political Rights). (2000). General Comment No. 28: Equality of Rights Between Men and Women (Article 3).
United Nations (Committee on Civil and Political Rights). (2004). General Comment No. 31[80]: Nature of the General Legal Obligation on States Parties to the Covenant.
United Nations (Committee on Civil and Political Rights). (2011). Communication No. 1604/2007, Zalesskaya v. Belarus.
United Nations (Committee on Civil and Political Rights). (2011). Communication No. 1410/2005, Denis Yevdokimov and Artiom Rezanov v. Russia.
United Nations (Committee on Civil and Political Rights). (2012). Communication No. 1866/2009, Olga Chebotareva v. Russian Federation.
United Nations (Committee on Civil and Political Rights). (2012). Communication No. 1772/2008, Syargei Belyazeka v. Belarus.
United Nations (Committee on Civil and Political Rights). (2013). Communication Nos. 1835/2008 and 1837/2008, Anton Yasinovick and Valery Shevchenko v. Belarus.
United Nations (Committee on Civil and Political Rights). (1996). General Comment No. 25: Article 25 (The Right to Participate in Public Affairs, Voting Rights and the Right to Equal Access to Public Service).
United Nations (Committee on Civil and Political Rights). (2006). Communication No. 1157/2003,Vladimir Viktorovich et ak v. Belarus.
United Nations (Committee on Civil and Political Rights). (2006). Communication No. 1157/2003, Patrick Coleman v. Australia.
United Nations (Committee on Civil and Political Rights). (2007). General Comment No. 32: Article 14: Right to Equality Before Courts and Tribunals and to Fair Trial.
United Nations (Committee on Civil and Political Rights). (2010). Communication No. 1377/2005, Valdimir Katsora v. Belarus.
United Nations (Committee on Civil and Political Rights). (2011). Communication No. 1814/2008, P.L. v. Belarus.
United Nations (Committee on Civil and Political Rights). (2011). Communication No. 1478/2006, Kungurov v. Uzbekistan.
United Nations (Committee on Civil and Political Rights). (2001). General Comment No. 29: States of Emergency (Article 4).
United Nations (Committee on Civil and Political Rights). (2005). Communication No. 968/2001, Kim Jong-Cheol v. Republic of Korea.
United Nations (Committee on Civil and Political Rights). (2010). Communication No. 1354/2005, Leonid Sudalenko v. Belarus.
United Nations (Committee on Civil and Political Rights). (1989). General Comment No. 18: Non-discrimination.
United Nations (Committee on Civil and Political Rights). (1999). General Comment No. 27: Freedom of Movement (Article 12).
United Nations (Committee on Civil and Political Rights). (1983). General Comment No. 10: Article 19 (Freedom of opinion).
United Nations (Committee on Civil and Political Rights). (1988). General Comment No. 16: The Right to Respect of Privacy, Family, Home and Correspondence, and Protection of Honour and Reputation (Article 17).
United Nations (Committee on Civil and Political Rights). (2005). Communication No. 488/1992, Toonen v. Australia. In O. of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (Ed.), International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: Selected Decisions of the Human Rights Committee under the Optional Protocol (pp. 133–140). United Nations.
United Nations (Committee on Civil and Political Rights). (2011). General Comment No. 34, Article 19: Freedoms of opinion and expression.
United Nations (Committee on Civil and Political Rights). (2020). General Comment No. 37: The Right of Peaceful Assembly (Article 21).
United Nations (Committee on Civil and Political Rights. (2002). Ms. Marie-Hélène Gillot et al. v. France.
United Nations (Committee on Civil and Political Rights. (2014). General Comment No. 35: Liberty and Security of Person (Article 9).
United Nations (Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights). (2009). General Comment No. 20, Non-discrimination in Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (art. 2, para. 2 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural, Rights).
United Nations (Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights). (2005). General Comment No. 16: The Equal Right of Men and Women to the Enjoyment of All Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (Article 3 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights).
United Nations (Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women). (1997). General Recommendation No. 23.
United Nations (Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women). (2013). General Recommendation No.30.
United Nations (Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women). (2010). General Recommendation No. 28 on the Core Obligations of States Parties Under Article 2 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.
United Nations (Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women). (2004). General Recommendation No. 25 on Temporary Special Measures (Article 4, paragraph 1).
United Nations (Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities). (2014). General Comment No. 2: Accessibility (Article 9).
United Nations (Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. (2011). Views of the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities under Article 5 of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (Tenth Session) Concerning Communication No. 4/2011.
United Nations (Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. (2014). General Comment No. 1 on Equal Recognition Before the Law.
United Nations (Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. (2018). General Comment No. 6 on Equality and Non-discrimination.
United Nations (Conference of State Parties to the United Nations Convention Against Corruption). (2009). Resolutions and decisions adopted by the Conference of the State Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption, at its third session.
United Nations (Conference of State Parties to the United Nations Convention Against Corruption). (2011). Resolutions and decisions adopted by the Conference of the State Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption, at its fourth session.
United Nations (Conference of State Parties to the United Nations Convention Against Corruption). (2013). Resolutions and decisions adopted by the Conference of the State Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption, at its fifth session (Vol. 14).
United Nations (Economic and Social Council). (2000). The Right to Restitution, Compensation, and Rehabilitation for Victims of Gross Violations of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms - Final Report of the Special Rapporteur, Mr. M. Cherif Bassiouni.
United Nations (Economic and Social Council). (1984). Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation of Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. United Nations Commission on Human Rights.
United Nations (Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). (1978). Declaration on Fundamental Principles concerning the Contribution of the Mass Media to Strengthening the Peace and International Understanding, to the Promotion of Human Rights and to Countering Racialism, Apartheid and Incitement to War. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
United Nations (General Assembly). (2007). Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People.
United Nations (General Assembly). (1966). International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Treaty Series, 999, 171.
United Nations (General Assembly). (1966). International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights. Treaty Series, 999, 171.
United Nations (General Assembly). (1991). Principles for Older Persons.
United Nations (General Assembly). (1990). Resolution 45/95. Guidelines concerning computerized personal data files. United Nations General Assembly.
United Nations (General Assembly). (1998). Declaration on the Right and Responsibility of Individuals, Groups and Organs of Society to Promote and Protect Universally Recognized Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. United Nations General Assembly.
United Nations (General Assembly). (2013). Resolution 68/164 on Strengthening the Role of the United Nations in Enhancing Periodic and Genuine Elections and the Promotion of Democratization .
United Nations (General Assembly). (2018). Resolution 73/179 on the Right to Privacy in the Digital Age.
United Nations (Human Rights Council). (2010). Report of the Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary, or Arbitrary Executions, Addendum on Election Related Violence and Killings (A/HRC/14/24/Add.7).
United Nations (Human Rights Council). (2013). Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Rights to Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and of Association.
United Nations (Human Rights Council). (2014). Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of the Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression.
United Nations (Human Rights Council). (2014). General Principles on Protecting Civic Space and the Right to Access Resources.
United Nations (Human Rights Council). (2018). Report of the Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women, its Causes and Consequences on Online Violence Against Women and Girls From a Human Rights Perspective.
United Nations (Human Rights Council). (2018). Report of the Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women, its Causes and Consequences on Violence Against Women in Politics.
United Nations (Human Rights Council). (2018). Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of the Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression, A/HRC/38/35.
United Nations (Human Rights Council). (2018). Resolution 39/6 on Safety of Journalists.
United Nations (Human Rights Council). (2018). Resolution 38/7 on the Promotion, Protection and Enjoyment of Human Rights on the Internet.
United Nations (Human Rights Council). (2018). Resolution 38/12 on Civil Society Space: Engagement with International and Regional Organizations.
United Nations (Human Rights Council). (2019). Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of the Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression.
United Nations (Human Rights Council). (2019). Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Rights to Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and of Association.
United Nations (Human Rights Council). (2020). Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on Civil Society Space: Engagement with International and Regional Organizations.
United Nations (Human Rights Council). (2021). Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of the Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression: Disinformation and Freedom of Opinion and Expression.
United Nations (Human Rights Council. (2014). Resolution 27/24; Equal participation in political and public affairs.
United Nations (Human Rights Council. (2015). Equal Participation in Political and Public Affairs.
United Nations (Human Rights Council. (2016). Resolution 32/31 on Civil Society Space.
United Nations (Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights). (2005). Resolution 2005/38 on the Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression.
United Nations (Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights). (2014). Joint Declaration on Universality and the Right to Freedom of Expression.
United Nations (Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights). (2017). Joint Declaration on Freedom of Expression and Fake News Disinformation and Propaganda.
United Nations (Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights). (2017). The Human Rights and Election Standards: A Plan of Action.
United Nations (Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights). (2018). Joint Declaration on Media Independence and Diversity in the Digital Age.
United Nations (Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights). (2019). Joint Declaration on Challenges to Freedom of Expression in the Next Decade.
United Nations (Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights). (2020). Joint Declaration on the Right to Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and of Association.
United Nations (Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights). (2020). Joint Declaration on Freedom of Expression and Elections in the Digital Age .
United Nations (Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. (2011). Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the United Nations ‘Protect, Respect, and Remedy’ Framework.
United Nations (Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. (2016). Practical Recommendations for the Creation and Maintenance of a Safe and Enabling Environment for Civil Society, Based on Good Practices and Lessons Learned.
United Nations (Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. (2017). Realizing Human Rights Through Government Budgets.
United Nations (Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. (2019). Freedom of Expression and Elections in the Digital Age.
United Nations (Security Council). (2015). Resolution 2242.
United Nations Center for Human Rights. (1994). Human Rights and Elections: A Handbook on the Legal, Technical, and Human Rights Aspects of Elections. United Nations.
United Nations Commission on Human Rights. (1998). Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement. United Nations Commission on Human Rights.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (1985). Basic Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.
United Nations Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Opinion and Expression, the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media, the OAS Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression and the ACHPR Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression and Access to Information. (2009). Joint Statement on the Media and Elections. Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
United Nations Women. (1995). Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action.
United Nations Women. (2015). Inclusive Electoral Processes: A Guide for Electoral Management Bodies on Promoting Gender Equality and Women's Participation.
United Nations. (1966). International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. Treaty Series, 660, 195.
United Nations. (1969). Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. Treaty Series, 1155, 331.
United Nations. (2003). United Nations Convention Against Corruption. Treaty Series, 2349, 41.
United Nations. (1989). Convention on the Rights of the Child. Treaty Series, 1577, 3.
United Nations. (1948). Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
United Nations. (1953). Convention on the Political Rights of Women. Treaty Series, 2, 1–28.
United Nations. (1990). Convention on the Rights of Migrant Workers. Treaty Series, 2220, 3.
United Nations. (2006). Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Treaty Series, 2515, 3.
United Nations. (1988). Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. Treaty Series, 1249, 13.
United Nations. (2005). Declaration of Principles for International Election Observation and Code of Conduct for International Election Observers. United Nations.
United Nations. (2012). Declaration of Global Principles for Nonpartisan Election Observation and Monitoring by Citizen Organizations and and Code of Conduct for Nonpartisan Citizen Election Observers and Monitors. United Nations.
United Nations. (2020). United Nations Strategy and Plan of Action on Hate Speech: Detailed Guidance on Implementation for United Nations Field Presences .
van Biezen, I. (2003). Financing Political Parties and Election Campaigns: Guidelines. Council of Europe.