Quote

"Every person has the right to a hearing, with due guarantees and within a reasonable time, by a competent, independent, and impartial tribunal, previously established by law, in the substantiation of any accusation of a criminal nature made against him or for the determination of his rights and obligations of a civil, labor, fiscal, or other nature."

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OAS: American Convention on Human Rights, art. 8.1

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American Convention on Human Rights

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Spanish; Castilian

Summaries

Everyone is entitled to a fair and public hearing by a competent, impartial, and independent tribunal in determination of his/her rights.
In the determination of suits at law the independence and impartiality of tribunals is an absolute right.