Quote

"A situation where the functions and competencies of the judiciary and executive are not clearly distinguishable or where the latter is able to control or direct the former is incompatible with the notion of an independent tribunal."

Document

UN (CCPR): General Comment No. 32: Right to Equality Before Courts and Tribunals and to Fair Trial (Article 14), para. 19

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General Comment No. 32: Right to Equality Before Courts and Tribunals and to Fair Trial (Article 14)

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Summaries

Impartiality requires that judges act without bias, and that the tribunal appears unbiased to the reasonable observer.