Obligation
Freedom from Discrimination and Equality Before the Law
International treaties establish the right to equality before the law [1] while separately calling for freedom from discrimination in the exercise of human rights and fundamental freedoms.[2] Although the obligation is explicitly tied to the rights enshrined in Article 25 of the ICCPR, it is applicable to all the obligations in the covenant. International and regional treaties require that everyone be able to enjoy their rights, free from discrimination on the basis of race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, property, sexual orientation or gender identity, physical or mental ability, birth, or other status at any time.[3] Treaty sources also state that although states may regulate the law concerning nationality, citizenship, or naturalization, they may not discriminate against any particular nationality in doing so.[4] Where linguistic minorities exist, those that belong to such minorities should not be denied the right to use their own language.[4]
Everyone has the right of equal access to any place or service intended for use by the public.[5] Interpretive sources state that the state is obligated to perform both its “negative duty” to refrain from discrimination and its “positive duty” to prevent discrimination; for example, by promulgating anti-discrimination legislation.[6]
Special Measures: International and regional treaties state that temporary special measures for advancing ethnic minorities or groups that have suffered past discrimination may be taken, when the circumstances warrant. These measures should not be maintained after the objectives for which they were taken are met and should not result in the maintenance of unequal rights for different groups.[7] In order to ensure equal opportunity for people belonging to minority groups, it is recommended that states collect disaggregated data.[8] International and regional treaties also state that measures may be taken to ensure the equal enjoyment of rights by people with disabilities.[9] Specific measures aimed at ensuring de facto equality for people with disabilities should not be considered discriminatory.[10]
Issues
- Oversight of Boundary Delimitation
- Privacy and Voter Registration
- Freedom From Discrimination in the Legal Framework
- Special Measures
- Freedom From Discrimination in the Electoral System and Boundary Delimitation Process
- Partisan and Nonpartisan Observation of Voting Operations
- Freedom From Discrimination and the Electoral Management Body
- Freedom From Discrimination in the Voter Registration Process
- Freedom From Discrimination in Voter Education
- Equal Treatment of Candidates and Parties
- Establishment, Regulation of, and Membership in Political Parties
- Freedom From Discrimination and the Media
- Freedom From Discrimination in Voting Operations
- Freedom from Discrimination and Electoral Dispute Resolution
- The Right to Vote, and Voting Operations
- Independence and Impartiality of the Electoral Management Body
- Recruitment of Electoral Management Body Staff
- Equal Access to Public Places
- Partisan and Nonpartisan Observation of Vote Counting and Tabulation
- Polling Places Accessible to Voters with Disabilities
- Citizenship
- Voter Registration in Minority Languages
- Independent Candidacy
- Candidature
- Pluralistic and Balanced Media
- Free Airtime and Paid Advertising
- Access to Information and Electoral Documents
- Choice of the Electoral System
- Business and Protection of Human Rights
- International Human Rights Obligations and the Legal Framework
Oversight of Boundary Delimitation
- Relevant Election Parts:
- Electoral System and Boundary Delimitation
The state took the steps necessary to give effect to rights regarding the boundary delimitation process and the electoral system through effective oversight mechanisms
Privacy and Voter Registration
- Relevant Election Parts:
- Voter Registration
The voter list did not include information beyond that necessary to identify a voter and establish his/her eligibility
- Voter lists should not include information beyond what is required to identify a voter and establish a voter's eligibility. [?]
Freedom From Discrimination in the Legal Framework
- Relevant Election Parts:
- Legal Framework
Minorities were able to use their own language(s)
- Where linguistic minorities exist, those that belong to such minorities should not be denied the right to use their own language. [?]
The legal framework for elections did not include provisions that discriminate on the basis of prohibited grounds
- Discrimination must not be practiced based on race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, sexual orientation, disability, gender identity and expression, migrant, refugee, repatriate, stateless or internally displaced status, genetic trait, mental or physical health condition, including infectious contagious condition and debilitating psychological condition, or other status at any time. [?]
- The state must perform both its "negative duty" to refrain from discrimination and its "positive duty" to prevent discrimination. [?]
- The right to vote should not be restricted based on any perceived or actual disability and mental health status, including pursuant to an individualized assessment. [?]
- Laws and regulations that withdraw suffrage rights based on disability should be amended or repealed. [?]
- Guarantees of rights of persons with disabilities should be mainstreamed into all legislation and policies. [?]
- Electoral system design should take into account the needs and facilitate participation and representation of vulnerable groups, including of women, minorities, and persons with disabilities. [?]
The legal framework for elections included guarantees of equality before the law
- All are equal before the law, and laws should be equally enforced. [?]
The legal framework provided equal access to any place or service intended for use by the public
- Everyone has the right of equal access to any place or service intended for public use. [?]
Any restrictions on rights were justified by law and subject to review
- Laws and regulations that withdraw suffrage rights based on disability should be amended or repealed. [?]
Special Measures
- Relevant Election Parts:
- Legal Framework
- Electoral System and Boundary Delimitation
- Election Management
- Voter Education
- Candidacy and Campaigning
- Voter Registration
- Voting Operations
Special measures were taken to ensure de facto equality for people with disabilities
- Discrimination must not be practiced based on race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, sexual orientation, disability, gender identity and expression, migrant, refugee, repatriate, stateless or internally displaced status, genetic trait, mental or physical health condition, including infectious contagious condition and debilitating psychological condition, or other status at any time. [?]
- Discrimination means any distinction, exclusion, restriction, or preference on the basis of race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, or national or social origin, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability. [?]
- Distinctions made on the basis of disabilities are to be considered discrimination. [?]
- Specific measures aimed at ensuring de facto equality for persons with disabilities should not be considered discriminatory. [?]
- Measures should be taken to ensure that persons with disabilities have adequate access to civil and voter education. [?]
- Access to the media should be guaranteed to all political parties and candidates and be fairly distributed. [?]
- Women and girls with disabilities are subject to multiple discrimination. [?]
- Measures to support participation by persons with disabilities should be developped in consultation with the civil society, including disabled persons organizations. [?]
- Measures to promote participation by persons with disabilities may include financial incentives to political parties. [?]
- Measures to encourage the representation of persons with disabilities in elected bodies may include voluntary or binding quotas. [?]
- Political parties could support the participation of persons with disabilities by involving them as members, nominating on electable positions on candidate lists, targetted financial support, and making campaign events and programmes accessible. [?]
- Electoral system design should take into account the needs and facilitate participation and representation of vulnerable groups, including of women, minorities, and persons with disabilities. [?]
Special measures were taken, as necessary, to promote equality for minorities
- Discrimination means any distinction, exclusion, restriction, or preference on the basis of race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, or national or social origin, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability. [?]
- The state must perform both its "negative duty" to refrain from discrimination and its "positive duty" to prevent discrimination. [?]
- Special measures for advancing ethnic minorities or groups that have suffered past discrimination should be taken when circumstances warrant, but should not be maintained after the objectives for which they were taken are met, and should not result in the maintenance of unequal rights for different groups. [?]
- Special measures to ensure participation and representation of national minorities may include reduced or waived minimum support, deposit, and electoral threshold requirements, and quotas. [?]
- Some measures taken to ensure equitable representation of minority groups should not be considered discriminatory. [?]
- Voter education should be accessible to all voters, including those with special needs. [?]
- Electoral system design should take into account the needs and facilitate participation and representation of vulnerable groups, including of women, minorities, and persons with disabilities. [?]
The state took steps to ensure de facto equality between men and women
- Discrimination must not be practiced based on race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, sexual orientation, disability, gender identity and expression, migrant, refugee, repatriate, stateless or internally displaced status, genetic trait, mental or physical health condition, including infectious contagious condition and debilitating psychological condition, or other status at any time. [?]
- Discrimination means any distinction, exclusion, restriction, or preference on the basis of race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, or national or social origin, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability. [?]
- All are equal before the law, and laws should be equally enforced. [?]
- Where linguistic minorities exist, those that belong to such minorities should not be denied the right to use their own language. [?]
Voter education materials were available in all official languages as well as minority languages
Freedom From Discrimination in the Electoral System and Boundary Delimitation Process
- Relevant Election Parts:
- Electoral System and Boundary Delimitation
The electoral system did not discriminate against citizens on grounds prohibited by international law
- Discrimination must not be practiced based on race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, sexual orientation, disability, gender identity and expression, migrant, refugee, repatriate, stateless or internally displaced status, genetic trait, mental or physical health condition, including infectious contagious condition and debilitating psychological condition, or other status at any time. [?]
- Discrimination means any distinction, exclusion, restriction, or preference on the basis of race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, or national or social origin, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability. [?]
- The state must perform both its "negative duty" to refrain from discrimination and its "positive duty" to prevent discrimination. [?]
- All are equal before the law, and laws should be equally enforced. [?]
- Electoral system design should take into account the needs and facilitate participation and representation of vulnerable groups, including of women, minorities, and persons with disabilities. [?]
Partisan and Nonpartisan Observation of Voting Operations
- Relevant Election Parts:
- Voting Operations
Observers were able to access places used for voting
- Everyone has the right of equal access to any place or service intended for public use. [?]
Freedom From Discrimination and the Electoral Management Body
- Relevant Election Parts:
- Election Management
The electoral management body treated all citizens equally
- Discrimination must not be practiced based on race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, sexual orientation, disability, gender identity and expression, migrant, refugee, repatriate, stateless or internally displaced status, genetic trait, mental or physical health condition, including infectious contagious condition and debilitating psychological condition, or other status at any time. [?]
- Discrimination means any distinction, exclusion, restriction, or preference on the basis of race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, or national or social origin, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability. [?]
- Distinctions made on the basis of disabilities are to be considered discrimination. [?]
- Distinctions made on the basis of sexual orientation are to be considered discrimination. [?]
- The state must perform both its "negative duty" to refrain from discrimination and its "positive duty" to prevent discrimination. [?]
- All are equal before the law, and laws should be equally enforced. [?]
- Election management bodies should be impartial and should not discriminate in the performance of their public function. [?]
Freedom From Discrimination in the Voter Registration Process
- Relevant Election Parts:
- Voter Registration
Eligibility requirements for voter registration were reasonable and objective and did not discriminate on the basis of prohibited grounds
- Discrimination must not be practiced based on race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, sexual orientation, disability, gender identity and expression, migrant, refugee, repatriate, stateless or internally displaced status, genetic trait, mental or physical health condition, including infectious contagious condition and debilitating psychological condition, or other status at any time. [?]
- Discrimination means any distinction, exclusion, restriction, or preference on the basis of race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, or national or social origin, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability. [?]
- All are equal before the law, and laws should be equally enforced. [?]
- Specific measures aimed at ensuring de facto equality for persons with disabilities should not be considered discriminatory. [?]
Voter registration facilities were accessible to all
- Everyone has the right of equal access to any place or service intended for public use. [?]
Freedom From Discrimination in Voter Education
- Relevant Election Parts:
- Voter Education
All citizens received voter education regardless of their race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, physical or mental ability, sexual orientation or gender identity, property, birth, or other status
- Discrimination must not be practiced based on race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, sexual orientation, disability, gender identity and expression, migrant, refugee, repatriate, stateless or internally displaced status, genetic trait, mental or physical health condition, including infectious contagious condition and debilitating psychological condition, or other status at any time. [?]
- The state must perform both its "negative duty" to refrain from discrimination and its "positive duty" to prevent discrimination. [?]
- All are equal before the law, and laws should be equally enforced. [?]
- Measures should be taken to ensure that persons with disabilities have adequate access to civil and voter education. [?]
- Voter education should be accessible to all voters, including those with special needs. [?]
- Voter education should facilitate the participation of illiterate voters. To this end, specific methods, such as the use of photographs and symbols, should be adopted. [?]
Locations used for voter education were accessible in a nondiscriminatory manner
- Everyone has the right of equal access to any place or service intended for public use. [?]
Voter education materials facilitated voting by illiterate voters
Equal Treatment of Candidates and Parties
- Relevant Election Parts:
- Candidacy and Campaigning
Candidates and political parties were able to compete with each other on an equal basis
- Electoral legislation and its regulations should offer clear guidance with respect to the process by which parties and candidates were placed on the ballot. [?]
- The state should enable new parties to compete under fair conditions with more established parties. [?]
- Political parties should be assured that they will be able to compete with each other on an equal basis before the law. [?]
- All political contestants should have an equal period of time in which to campaign. [?]
- Procedures for ballot access must be non-discriminatory. [?]
No one suffered discrimination or disadvantage of any kind because of their candidacy
- No one should suffer from discrimination or disadvantage of any kind because of his candidacy. [?]
Regulations for candidacy and campaigning were not discriminatory
- Discrimination must not be practiced based on race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, sexual orientation, disability, gender identity and expression, migrant, refugee, repatriate, stateless or internally displaced status, genetic trait, mental or physical health condition, including infectious contagious condition and debilitating psychological condition, or other status at any time. [?]
- Discrimination means any distinction, exclusion, restriction, or preference on the basis of race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, or national or social origin, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability. [?]
- Distinctions made on the basis of disabilities are to be considered discrimination. [?]
- Distinctions made on the basis of sexual orientation are to be considered discrimination. [?]
- All are equal before the law, and laws should be equally enforced. [?]
Establishment, Regulation of, and Membership in Political Parties
- Relevant Election Parts:
- Candidacy and Campaigning
Citizens were able to establish and participate in political parties and other associations
- Discrimination must not be practiced based on race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, sexual orientation, disability, gender identity and expression, migrant, refugee, repatriate, stateless or internally displaced status, genetic trait, mental or physical health condition, including infectious contagious condition and debilitating psychological condition, or other status at any time. [?]
Political organizations were treated equally in being recognized and registering as a party
Freedom From Discrimination and the Media
- Relevant Election Parts:
- The Media
News coverage of incumbents in the public media was not abused so that it constituted additional free airtime or print coverage
- News coverage of incumbents in public media during electoral campaigns is permitted, but should not be abused, constituting additional free airtime or print coverage. [?]
Political parties and candidates had access to the public media on a nondiscriminatory basis
- Access to the media should be guaranteed to all political parties and candidates and be fairly distributed. [?]
- Political parties and candidates must have access to the public media on a non-discriminatory basis. [?]
- Equality refers not only to the amount of space provided but to the timing and location of such space. [?]
- If private media accepts paid advertising, the costs and conditions for advertising should be equally applied to all candidates. [?]
- If offered, free airtime should be distributed equally. [?]
The media took steps to reach all segments of society, including those who speak minority languages or live in rural areas
- Media outlets should take steps to provide access to marginalized groups. This may include the consideration of transmitting in minority languages and assuring broad coverage of rural areas. [?]
The regulation of the media promoted equality and absence of discrimination
- Discrimination must not be practiced based on race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, sexual orientation, disability, gender identity and expression, migrant, refugee, repatriate, stateless or internally displaced status, genetic trait, mental or physical health condition, including infectious contagious condition and debilitating psychological condition, or other status at any time. [?]
- Discrimination means any distinction, exclusion, restriction, or preference on the basis of race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, or national or social origin, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability. [?]
- Distinctions made on the basis of disabilities are to be considered discrimination. [?]
- Distinctions made on the basis of sexual orientation are to be considered discrimination. [?]
- The state must perform both its "negative duty" to refrain from discrimination and its "positive duty" to prevent discrimination. [?]
- All are equal before the law, and laws should be equally enforced. [?]
- Everyone has the right of equal access to any place or service intended for public use. [?]
- Equality refers not only to the amount of space provided but to the timing and location of such space. [?]
- Internet intermediaries should recognize and protect human rights online, including through accessible and effective complaint and redress mechanisms. [?]
Freedom From Discrimination in Voting Operations
- Relevant Election Parts:
- Voting Operations
The voting process did not discriminate against anyone on the basis of prohibited grounds
- Discrimination must not be practiced based on race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, sexual orientation, disability, gender identity and expression, migrant, refugee, repatriate, stateless or internally displaced status, genetic trait, mental or physical health condition, including infectious contagious condition and debilitating psychological condition, or other status at any time. [?]
- Discrimination means any distinction, exclusion, restriction, or preference on the basis of race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, or national or social origin, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability. [?]
- Distinctions made on the basis of disabilities are to be considered discrimination. [?]
- Distinctions made on the basis of sexual orientation are to be considered discrimination. [?]
- All are equal before the law, and laws should be equally enforced. [?]
- Voter identification and related procedures should not discriminate on the basis of the enumerated grounds. [?]
Freedom from Discrimination and Electoral Dispute Resolution
- Relevant Election Parts:
- Electoral System and Boundary Delimitation
- Electoral Dispute Resolution
Everyone was treated equally before the law and courts
- Equality before the courts includes equality in arms and equal access to the courts. [?]
- The guarantee to equality before the courts extends to judicial bodies entrusted with any judicial task (including customary and religious courts). [?]
- Fees that de facto prevent access to the courts may violate the obligation of equal access to the courts. [?]
- Procedures for the filing and adjudication of disputes must be understandable and easily accessible to all parties. [?]
The electoral dispute resolution process did not discriminate on the basis of prohibited grounds
- Discrimination must not be practiced based on race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, sexual orientation, disability, gender identity and expression, migrant, refugee, repatriate, stateless or internally displaced status, genetic trait, mental or physical health condition, including infectious contagious condition and debilitating psychological condition, or other status at any time. [?]
- The state must perform both its "negative duty" to refrain from discrimination and its "positive duty" to prevent discrimination. [?]
- All are equal before the law, and laws should be equally enforced. [?]
The electoral system did not discriminate against citizens on grounds prohibited by international law
- Redistricting should not discriminate against any citizen on the basis of race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, sexual orientation, or gender identity, disability, or other status. [?]
The Right to Vote, and Voting Operations
- Relevant Election Parts:
- Voting Operations
Poll workers were adequately trained in the determination of eligible voters
- Voter identification and related procedures should not discriminate on the basis of the enumerated grounds. [?]
The right to vote was guaranteed by law and was subject only to reasonable and objective restrictions
- Registration must not be restricted among potential voters based on political opinion, affiliation (past or present), or membership in a political party. [?]
- Registration must not be restricted among potential voters based on literacy. [?]
- Registration must not be restricted among potential voters based on property ownership. [?]
- Registration must not be restricted among potential voters based on homelessness. [?]
- Registration must not be restricted among potential voters based on naturalized citizenship. [?]
- Registration must not be restricted among potential voters based on status as an internally displaced person. [?]
- Registration must not be restricted among potential voters based on economic circumstances. [?]
- Registration must not be restricted among potential voters based on a registration fee. [?]
Independence and Impartiality of the Electoral Management Body
- Relevant Election Parts:
- Election Management
The electoral management body acted impartially in the administration of the election
- Election management bodies should be impartial and should not discriminate in the performance of their public function. [?]
There was an independent and impartial electoral management body
- Everyone should have access, free from discrimination, to the public service of the country. [?]
Recruitment of Electoral Management Body Staff
- Relevant Election Parts:
- Election Management
The recruitment and appointment of electoral management body staff were transparent, efficient, and equitable and instilled public confidence in the body
Equal Access to Public Places
- Relevant Election Parts:
- Candidacy and Campaigning
Public places were accessible to all in a nondiscriminatory fashion
Partisan and Nonpartisan Observation of Vote Counting and Tabulation
- Relevant Election Parts:
- Vote Counting and Tabulation
Observers were able to access places used for vote counting and tabulation
- Everyone has the right of equal access to any place or service intended for public use. [?]
Polling Places Accessible to Voters with Disabilities
- Relevant Election Parts:
- Voting Operations
Polling places were accessible
- Everyone has the right of equal access to any place or service intended for public use. [?]
Citizenship
- Relevant Election Parts:
- Legal Framework
- Voter Registration
- Voting Operations
The rules regarding citizenship were clear and nondiscriminatory
- States may regulate the law concerning nationality, citizenship, or naturalization, but may not discriminate against any particular nationality in doing so. [?]
Voter Registration in Minority Languages
- Relevant Election Parts:
- Voter Registration
Linguistic minorities were able to use their own language
- Where linguistic minorities exist, those that belong to such minorities should not be denied the right to use their own language. [?]
Independent Candidacy
- Relevant Election Parts:
- Candidacy and Campaigning
Regulations regarding candidacy were the same for the independent and partisan actors
- Regulations regarding candidacy should be the same for independent and partisan actors. [?]
- With respect to candidates for office, there should be no restrictions on candidates for reasons such as political opinion or affiliation (past and present). [?]
- No one should suffer from discrimination or disadvantage of any kind because of his candidacy. [?]
Candidature
- Relevant Election Parts:
- Candidacy and Campaigning
Every citizen had the right to be elected, subject only to reasonable restrictions
- With respect to candidates for office, there should be no restrictions on candidates for reasons such as race. [?]
- With respect to candidates for office, there should be no restrictions on candidates for reasons such as religion. [?]
- With respect to candidates for office, there should be no restrictions on candidates for reasons such as ethnic origin. [?]
- With respect to candidates for office, there should be no restrictions on candidates for reasons such as political opinion or affiliation (past and present). [?]
- With respect to candidates for office, there should be no restrictions on candidates for reasons such as language. [?]
- With respect to candidates for office, there should be no restrictions on candidacy based on any form of disability. [?]
- With respect to candidates for office, there should be no restrictions on candidates for reasons such as sexual orientation. [?]
- With respect to candidates for office, there should be no restrictions on candidates for reasons such as requirement of party membership or nomination. [?]
- With respect to candidates for office, there should be no restrictions on candidates for reasons such as education. [?]
- With respect to candidates for office, there should be no restrictions on candidates for reasons such as economic status. [?]
Pluralistic and Balanced Media
- Relevant Election Parts:
- The Media
A pluralistic media promoted citizen access to information, and the media was free to play an impartial and objective role in covering electoral issues
- Public service media should ensure the public receive adequate and politically balanced information during election periods. [?]
Free Airtime and Paid Advertising
- Relevant Election Parts:
- The Media
Free airtime was distributed equally (amount of space and also the timing and location of the media space)
- Equality refers not only to the amount of space provided but to the timing and location of such space. [?]
- If offered, free airtime should be distributed equally. [?]
Paid advertising on public media was identified as such, and the costs and conditions involved were reasonable and equally applied to all candidates and parties
- Paid advertising in the public media should be identified as such, and the costs and conditions involved should be reasonable and equally applied to all candidates and parties. [?]
- If private media accepts paid advertising, the costs and conditions for advertising should be equally applied to all candidates. [?]
- Laws should address the applicability of regulations on paid political advertising in traditional media, including rules on placement, financing, and transparency, to such advertising online. [?]
Access to Information and Electoral Documents
- Relevant Election Parts:
- Voter Education
The media took steps to reach all segments of society, including those who speak minority languages or live in rural areas
- Media, public and private, could facilitate effective participation by persons with disabilities by providing political reporting and information in accessible formats. [?]
Choice of the Electoral System
- Relevant Election Parts:
- Electoral System and Boundary Delimitation
The electoral system did not discriminate against citizens on grounds prohibited by international law
- Electoral system design should take into account the needs and facilitate participation and representation of vulnerable groups, including of women, minorities, and persons with disabilities. [?]
Business and Protection of Human Rights
- Relevant Election Parts:
- The Media
Business enterprises embraced, in policy and practice, their international and/or national human rights obligations. Accessible and effective complaint and redress mechanisms were established to protect these rights
- Internet intermediaries should recognize and protect human rights online, including through accessible and effective complaint and redress mechanisms. [?]
International Human Rights Obligations and the Legal Framework
- Relevant Election Parts:
- The Media
The legal framework for elections included the protection of fundamental rights and made international obligations domestically binding
- Internet intermediaries should recognize and protect human rights online, including through accessible and effective complaint and redress mechanisms. [?]